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100 Networking
P0937663 02.0
• Serialization delay: The serialization delay is the time it takes to transmit the voice packet one
bit at a time over a WAN link. The serialization delay depends on the voice packet size and the
link bandwidth, and is the result of the following formula:
• Queuing delay: The queuing delay is the time it takes for a packet to wait in the transmission
queue of the link before it is serialized. On a link where packets are processed in a first come
first served order, the average queuing time is in milliseconds and is the result of the following
formula:
The average size of intranet packets carried over WAN links generally is between 250 and 500
bytes. Queueing delays can be important for links with bandwidth under 512 kbit/s, while with
higher speed links they can allow higher utilization levels.
• Routing and hop count: Each site pair takes different routes over the intranet. The route taken
determines the number and type of delay components that add to end-to-end delay. Sound
routing in the network depends on correct network design.
Reduce link delay
In this and the next few sections, the guidelines examine different ways of reducing one-way delay
and packet loss in the network.
The time taken for a voice packet to queue on the transmission buffer of a link until it is received at
the next hop router is the link delay. Methods to reduce link delays are:
• Upgrade link capacity to reduce the serialization delay of the packet. This also reduces the
utilization of the link, reducing the queueing delay. Before upgrading a link, check both
routers connected to the link for the upgrade and ensure correct router configuration
guidelines.
• Change the link from satellite to terrestrial to reduce the link delay by approximately 100 to
300 ms.
• Put into operation a priority queueing rule.
• Identify the links with the highest use and the slowest traffic. Estimate the link delay of these
links using Traceroute. Contact your service provider for help with improving your QoS.
Reducing hop count
To reduce end-to-end delay reduce hop count, especially on hops that move across WAN links.
Some of the ways to reduce hop count include:
serialization delay in ms 8
IP packet size in bytes
link bandwidth in kbit/s
---------------------------------------------------------
=
queuing time in ms 8
average IP packet size in bytes
lp–()link bandwidth in kbit/s()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
=
- Business Communications 1
- Manager 2.5 1
- IP Telephony Configuration 1
- Trademarks 2
- Contents 3
- Chapter 4 4
- Chapter 5 5
- Appendix A 5
- Before you begin 13
- Symbols used in this guide 14
- Text conventions 14
- Acronyms 15
- UDP User Datagram Protocol 16
- WAN Wide Area Network 16
- Related publications 17
- How to get help 18
- Chapter 1 19
- Introduction 19
- The IP telephony network 20
- Chapter 1 Introduction 21 21
- Figure 1 Network diagram 21
- Telephones 22
- IP Network 22
- Key IP Telephony Concepts 23
- Jitter Buffer 24
- QoS routing 24
- Chapter 1 Introduction 25 25
- 26 Chapter 1 Introduction 26
- Chapter 2 27
- Prerequisites checklist 27
- Network assessment 28
- Resource Assessment 28
- Keycodes 29
- IP Telephones 30
- Chapter 3 31
- Installing IP Telephones 31
- Choosing a codec 33
- Choosing a Jitter Buffer 33
- Before Installing 34
- Manual Cfg DHCP(0 no, 1 yes) 35
- Configuring DHCP 38
- Figure 4 DHCP summary 39
- Figure 5 DHCP range 40
- Figure 6 IP Terminal status 41
- Figure 7 Configuration menu 42
- Figure 9 IP Terminal Status 43
- Download Pending 44
- Deregistering offline DNs 45
- Moving IP telephones 46
- H.323 devices 47
- 4 Click the Save button 49
- VoIP Trunk Configuration 51
- Configuring media parameters 53
- Configuring codecs 54
- Setting Silence Compression 54
- Setting Jitter Buffers 55
- Outgoing call configuration 56
- Figure 21 Trunk/Line data 57
- Figure 22 Line pool 58
- Configuring a remote gateway 59
- Configuring PSTN fallback 60
- Setting up a VoIP schedule 61
- Vo I P 62
- Configuring routes 63
- Figure 28 Route list 64
- Figure 29 Add route dialog 64
- Creating a destination code 65
- Figure 32 Normal schedule 66
- Configuring digits 67
- Activating the VoIP schedule 67
- Turning on QoS monitor 68
- Incoming call configuration 70
- Example configuration 71
- Making calls 74
- Connecting an i200X telephone 75
- Quality of Service Monitor 77
- Port settings 77
- Using firewalls 78
- Using a gatekeeper 80
- Gatekeeper call scenarios 82
- Typical applications 85
- MCDN functionality 86
- Networking 91
- Network Engineering 92
- Networking 93 93
- (64 kb/s) 93
- (5.3 kb/s) 93
- LAN Engineering Examples 95
- WAN engineering 96
- Setting Non-linear processing 96
- Networking 97 97
- Traceroute 97
- Enough link capacity 98
- Not enough link capacity 98
- Implementing the network 99
- Further network analysis 99
- Reduce link delay 100
- Reducing hop count 100
- Adjust the jitter buffer size 101
- Reduce packet errors 101
- Routing issues 102
- Silence compression 103
- Appendix B 103
- 104 Silence compression 104
- P0937663 02.0 104
- Silence compression 105 105
- 106 Silence compression 106
- Silence compression 107 107
- Comfort Noise 108
- Appendix C 109
- Network Performance Utilities 109
- Appendix D 111
- Interoperability 111
- Speech Path Setup Methods 112
- Media Path Redirection 112
- Gatekeeper 113
- Symbol Telephones 114
- Appendix E 115
- Quality of Service 115
- Measuring Intranet QoS 116
- Recording routes 117
- Adjustment for processing 118
- Late packets 118
- Quality of Service 119 119
- Traffic mix 120
- Network Quality of Service 121
- Packet loss 122
- Packet delay 122
- Delay variation (jitter) 123
- 124 Quality of Service 124
- Glossary 125
- 126 Glossary 126
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