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Configuring IP Services
13-2
117356-D Rev 00
When using GRE, remember that:
• This protocol is slower than native routing because packets require additional
processing.
• IP fragmentation of the packet can occur due to extra bytes introduced by
encapsulation.
• Troubleshooting the physical link when problems occur is difficult.
How GRE Tunneling Works
You configure a GRE tunnel manually, assigning it a unique name. The source
address is the IP address of an interface on the router on which you are
configuring the GRE tunnel, and the destination address is the IP address of an
interface on the router where the tunnel terminates.
The GRE tunnel can use any IP interface configured on the router as a physical
end point. To maximize the robustness of the tunnel, use a circuitless IP address as
a tunnel’s physical end point whenever possible (see “Using the Circuitless IP
Interface” on page 3-16).
The following steps explain how GRE tunneling takes place (refer to Figure 13-1
):
1.
The router interface on router 1 receives a packet from host 1, looks up the
packet’s destination address in its routing table, and determines that the next
hop to the destination address is the remote end of a GRE tunnel. The router
interface places the packet in the queue of the tunnel interface for GRE
encapsulation.
2.
The tunnel interface router 1 adds a GRE header to the packet and sends the
packet to IP.
3.
IP looks up the route to the remote tunnel end point and sends the
GRE-encapsulated packet to the appropriate next-hop address.
4.
The remote tunnel interface on router 2 removes the outer IP header and the
GRE header.
5.
The remote router interface looks up the packet’s destination address in its
routing table, and chooses the next hop to reach host 2.
- Configuring IP Services 1
- Trademarks 2
- Restricted Rights Legend 2
- Statement of Conditions 2
- Contents 5
- 117356-D Rev 00 10
- Before You Begin 23
- Text Conventions 24
- Acronyms 25
- How to Get Help 27
- Chapter 1 29
- IP Addresses 30
- Subnet Addressing 32
- Supernet Addressing 35
- Autonomous Systems 36
- Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 38
- Router Discovery Protocol 39
- Route Preferences 40
- Route Weights 41
- Figure 1-3. IP Routing Table 43
- IP Traffic Filters 46
- RFC Compliance 46
- Chapter 2 49
- Starting IP 50
- Starting RIP 51
- Starting OSPF 52
- Starting BGP 53
- Starting Router Discovery 54
- Chapter 3 55
- Deleting IP from an Interface 57
- Customizing IP 57
- Adding RIP to an IP Interface 59
- Customizing RIP 60
- Customizing OSPF 62
- Deleting BGP from the Router 64
- Customizing BGP 65
- Starting EGP 66
- Deleting EGP from the Router 67
- Customizing EGP 67
- Starting NAT 68
- Chapter 4 77
- The IP global prompt appears 79
- (default) 99
- Caution: 100
- Customizing an IP Interface 102
- <ip_address> 105
- <address_mask> 105
- Using the BCC 108
- Using Site Manager 108
- IP0012A 121
- Configuring an SMDS Address 123
- is one of the following: 128
- Defining a Static Route 132
- (continued) 135
- (continued) 135
- Choosing a Broadcast Type 140
- Chapter 5 143
- ARP Overview 144
- <state> 146
- Figure 5-2. Proxy ARP Example 151
- Chapter 6 155
- Customizing RIP Services 155
- Setting the RIP Diameter 156
- Customizing a RIP Interface 158
- Selecting the RIP Version 162
- Specifying the Update Mode 165
- Sending Triggered Updates 166
- Listening for a Default Route 175
- Chapter 7 201
- Customizing OSPF Services 201
- OSPF Concepts and Terminology 202
- OSPF Neighbors 203
- Neighbor Adjacencies 204
- Designated Routers 204
- OSPF Areas 205
- OSPF Router Types 206
- AS External Routes 206
- OSPF Implementation Notes 207
- OSPF interfaces 208
- For example: 209
- Supplying an OSPF ID 211
- Figure 7-2. OSPF ASE Routes 216
- (default) 220
- Setting the Holddown Timer 221
- Configuring Message Logging 222
- Enabling and Disabling OSPF 228
- Configuring an Area ID 229
- Specifying the Interface Type 230
- Estimating the Transit Delay 235
- Setting the Hello Interval 237
- Setting the Dead Interval 239
- Specifying the Metric Cost 242
- Specifying the MTU Size 244
- Defining an Area 247
- Modifying an Area ID 249
- Configuring Authentication 249
- Configuring a Summary Route 251
- Configuring a Stub Area 252
- Chapter 8 275
- BGP Concepts and Terminology 276
- Peer-to-Peer Sessions 277
- Interior BGP Routing 278
- IBGP Route Reflector 279
- BGP Updates 280
- Best-Route Selection 283
- BGP/OSPF Interaction 283
- BGP Implementation Notes 284
- Configuring BGP Globally 285
- Enabling and Disabling BGP 286
- Supplying a BGP Identifier 288
- Identifying the Local AS 289
- Enabling Multihop Connections 295
- Configuring BGP as a Soloist 298
- Negotiating the BGP Version 313
- Keeping the Connection Alive 315
- Specifying a Holddown Time 319
- Setting the Route Echo Switch 326
- med-method override 342
- Using Site Manage 346
- <name> 387
- Chapter 9 391
- Customizing EGP Services 391
- EGP Concepts and Terminology 392
- EGP Implementation Notes 395
- Customizing EGP on the Router 396
- Supplying a Local AS Number 397
- Configuring a Neighbor 398
- Specifying the Gateway Mode 400
- Choosing the Acquisition Mode 402
- Choosing the Poll Mode 403
- Setting Neighbor Timers 404
- Chapter 10 405
- Security Label Format 406
- Inbound IP Datagrams 408
- Forwarded IP Datagrams 408
- Originated IP Datagrams 409
- Unlabeled IP Datagrams 409
- Enabling and Disabling RIPSO 410
- Outbound Datagrams 418
- Error Datagrams 419
- RIPSO Example 420
- Figure 10-2. RIPSO Example 421
- Chapter 11 423
- BFE Addressing 425
- Chapter 12 433
- Dynamic Address Translation 434
- Static Address Translation 439
- Enabling and Disabling NAT 441
- Configuring the Log Mask 443
- Table 12-2. Log Message Types 444
- Customizing a NAT Interface 447
- Modifying the Interface Type 448
- Adding a Local Address Range 451
- Adding a Global Address Range 454
- IP0076A 459
- Chapter 13 461
- How GRE Tunneling Works 462
- Figure 13-1. GRE Tunneling 463
- Announce Policy 464
- Accept Policy 465
- Static Routes 465
- Configuring IPX Services 467
- Deleting a GRE Tunnel 471
- Appendix A 473
- Site Manager Parameters 473
- BGP Parameters 474
- BGP Configuration Parameters 475
- BGP Global Parameters 475
- BGP-3 Global Parameter 482
- BGP-4 Global Parameter 482
- BGP Peer Parameters 482
- BGP Event Message Parameters 493
- EGP Global Parameters 495
- EGP Neighbor Parameters 496
- IP Parameters 499
- IP Interface Parameters 501
- IP Global Parameters 515
- Static Route Parameters 523
- Adjacent Host Parameters 526
- RIPSO Parameters 529
- Router Discovery Parameters 539
- OSPF Parameters 541
- OSPF Interface Parameters 548
- OSPF Area Parameters 557
- Area Range Parameters 559
- RIP Parameters 564
- NAT Parameters 571
- Appendix B 579
- Routing Policies 579
- Appendix C 637
- RIP Export Filters 641
- OSPF Import Filters 644
- OSPF Export Filters 645
- BGP-3 Import Filters 648
- 650
- BGP-3 Export Filters 653
- EGP Import Filters 657
- EGP Export Filters 659
- 661
- Appendix D 665
- Route Weight Worksheet 665
- Appendix E 669
- IP/OSPF Configuration 669
- 128.10.6.0 670
- 255.255.255.248 670
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